Technology Transfer Network - Air Toxics Web Site
112(i)-Schedule for Compliance for New Sources, Early Reduction Program
(i) Schedule for Compliance: Includes the following four major provisions:
-
New sources (i.e., sources that commence construction or reconstruction after proposal of the standard) must comply with the standard immediately upon start-up (except as provided under the following bullet),
-
Sources constructed or reconstructed after MACT proposal but before promulgation may comply with the proposed standards if the promulgated standards are more stringent. Compliance with the promulgated standards is required for such sources within 3 years of promulgation,
-
MACT standards must include compliance dates for existing sources no later than 3 years after promulgation. The EPA (or State with an approved Title V program) may grant individual sources a 1-year extension if necessary for the installation of controls, and
-
The Early Reductions Program allows a qualifying facility to defer compliance with MACT standards for 6 years if it reduces HAP emissions by 90 percent (95 percent for hazardous particulate emissions) before the applicable MACT is proposed.
The full text of CAA Section 112(i) follows:
(i) Schedule for Compliance.- (1) Preconstruction and operating requirements.- After the effective date of any emission standard, limitation, or regula- tion under subsection (d), (f) or (h), no person may construct any new major source or reconstruct any existing major source subject to such emission standard, regulation or limitation unless the Administrator (or a State with a permit program approved under title V) determines that such source, if properly constructed, reconstructed and operated, will comply with the standard, regulation or limitation. (2) Special rule.- Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph (1), a new source which commences construction or reconstruction after a standard, limitation or regulation applicable to such source is proposed and before such standard, limitation or regulation is promulgated shall not be required to comply with such promulgated standard until the date 3 years after the date of promulgation if - (A) the promulgated standard, limitation or regulation is more stringent than the standard, limitation or regulation proposed; and (B) the source complies with the standard, limitation, or regulation as proposed during the 3-year period immediately after promulgation. (3) Compliance schedule for existing sources.- (A) After the effective date of any emissions standard, limitation or regulation promulgated under this section and applicable to a source, no person may operate such source in violation of such standard, limitation or regulation except, in the case of an existing source, the Administrator shall establish a compliance date or dates for each category or subcategory of existing sources, which shall provide for compliance as expeditiously as practicable, but in no event later than 3 years after the effective date of such standard, except as provided in subparagraph (B) and paragraphs (4) through (8). (B) The Administrator (or a State with a program approved under title V) may issue a permit that grants an extension permitting an existing source up to 1 additional year to comply with standards under subsection (d) if such additional period is necessary for the installation of controls. An additional extension of up to 3 years may be added for mining waste operations, if the 4-year compliance time is insufficient to dry and cover mining waste in order to reduce emissions of any pollutant listed under subsection (b). (4) Presidential exemption.- The President may exempt any stationary source from compliance with any standard or limita- tion under this section for a period of not more than 2 years if the President determines that the technology to implement such standard is not available and that it is in the national security interests of the United States to do so. An exemption under this paragraph may be extended for 1 or more additional periods, each period not to exceed 2 years. The President shall report to Congress with respect to each exemption (or extension thereof) made under this paragraph. (5) Early reduction.- (A) The Administrator (or a State acting pursuant to a permit program approved under title V) shall issue a permit allowing an existing source, for which the owner or operator demonstrates that the source has achieved a reduction of 90 per centum or more in emissions of hazardous air pollutants (95 per centum in the case of hazardous air pollutants which are particulates) from the source, to meet an alternative emission limitation reflecting such reduction in lieu of an emission limitation promulgated under subsection (d) for a period of 6 years from the compliance date for the otherwise applicable standard, provided that such reduction is achieved before the otherwise applicable standard under subsection (d) is first proposed. Nothing in this paragraph shall preclude a State from requiring reductions in excess of those specified in this subparagraph as a condition of granting the extension authorized by the previous sentence. (B) An existing source which achieves the reduction referred to in subparagraph (A) after the proposal of an applicable standard but before January 1, 1994, may qualify under subparagraph (A), if the source makes an enforceable commitment to achieve such reduction before the proposal of the standard. Such commitment shall be enforceable to the same extent as a regulation under this section. (C) The reduction shall be determined with respect to verifiable and actual emissions in a base year not earlier than calendar year 1987, provided that, there is no evidence that emissions in the base year are artificially or substantially greater than emissions in other years prior to implementation of emissions reduction measures. The Administrator may allow a source to use a baseline year of 1985 or 1986 provided that the source can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Administrator that emissions data for the source reflects verifiable data based on information for such source, received by the Administrator prior to the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, pursuant to an information request issued under section 114. (D) For each source granted an alternative emission limitation under this paragraph there shall be established by a permit issued pursuant to title V an enforceable emission limitation for hazardous air pollutants reflecting the reduction which qualifies the source for an alternative emission limitation under this paragraph. An alternative emission limitation under this paragraph shall not be available with respect to standards or requirements promulgated pursuant to subsection (f) and the Administrator shall, for the purpose of determining whether a standard under subsection (f) is necessary, review emissions from sources granted an alternative emission limitation under this paragraph at the same time that other sources in the category or subcategory are reviewed. (E) With respect to pollutants for which high risks of adverse public health effects may be associated with exposure to small quantities including, but not limited to, chlorinated dioxins and furans, the Administrator shall by regulation limit the use of offsetting reductions in emissions of other hazardous air pollutants from the source as counting toward the 90 per centum reduction in such high-risk pollutants qualifying for an alternative emissions limitation under this paragraph. (6) Other reductions.- Notwithstanding the requirements of this section, no existing source that has installed - (A) best available control technology (as defined in section 169(3)), or (B) technology required to meet a lowest achievable emission rate (as defined in section 171), prior to the promulgation of a standard under this section applicable to such source and the same pollutant (or stream of pollutants) controlled pursuant to an action described in subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be required to comply with such standard under this section until the date 5 years after the date on which such installation or reduction has been achieved, as determined by the Administrator. The Administrator may issue such rules and guidance as are necessary to implement this paragraph. (7) EXTENSION FOR NEW SOURCES.- A source for which con- struction or reconstruction is commenced after the date an emission standard applicable to such source is proposed pursuant to subsection (d) but before the date an emission standard applicable to such source is proposed pursuant to subsection (f) shall not be required to comply with the emission standard under subsection (f) until the date 10 years after the date construction or reconstruction is commenced. (8) Coke ovens. (A) Any coke oven battery that complies with the emission limitations established under subsection (d)(8)(C), subparagraph (B), and subparagraph (C), and complies with the provisions of subparagraph (E), shall not be required to achieve emission limitations promul- gated under subsection (f) until January 1, 2020. (B)(i) Not later than December 31, 1992, the Adminis- trator shall promulgate emission limitations for coke oven emissions from coke oven batteries. Notwith- standing paragraph (3) of this subsection, the compli- ance date for such emission limitations for existing coke oven batteries shall be January 1, 1998. Such emission limita-tions shall reflect the lowest achiev- able emission rate as defined in section 171 for a coke oven battery that is rebuilt or a replacement at a coke oven plant for an existing battery. Such emission limitations shall be no less stringent than - (I) 3 per centum leaking doors (5 per centum leaking doors for six meter batteries); (II) 1 per centum leaking lids; (III) 4 per centum leaking offtakes; and (IV) 16 seconds visible emissions per charge, with an exclusion for emissions during the period after the closing of self-sealing oven doors (or the total mass emissions equivalent). The rulemaking in which such emission limitations are promulgated shall also estab- lish an appropriate measurement methodology for deter- mining compliance with such emission limitations, and shall establish such emission limitations in terms of an equivalent level of mass emissions reduction from a coke oven battery, unless the Administrator finds that such a mass emissions standard would not be practicable or enforceable. Such measurement methodology, to the extent it measures leaking doors, shall take into consideration alternative test methods that reflect the best technology and practices actually applied in the affected industries, and shall assure that the final test methods are consistent with the performance of such best technology and practices. (ii) If the Administrator fails to promulgate such emission limitations under this subparagraph prior to the effective date of such emission limitations, the emission limitations applicable to coke oven batteries under this subparagraph shall be - (I) 3 per centum leaking doors (5 per centum leaking doors for six meter batteries); (II) 1 per centum leaking lids; (III) 4 per centum leaking offtakes; and (IV) 16 seconds visible emissions per charge, or the total mass emissions equivalent (if the total mass emissions equivalent is determined to be practica- ble and enforceable), with no exclusion for emissions during the period after the closing of self-sealing oven doors. (C) Not later than January 1, 2007, the Administrator shall review the emission limitations promulgated under subparagraph (B) and revise, as necessary, such emission limitations to reflect the lowest achievable emission rate as defined in section 171 at the time for a coke oven battery that is rebuilt or a replacement at a coke oven plant for an existing battery. Such emission limitations shall be no less stringent than the emission limitation promulgated under subparagraph (B). Notwithstanding paragraph (2) of this subsection, the compliance date for such emission limitations for existing coke oven batteries shall be January 1, 2010. (D) At any time prior to January 1, 1998, the owner or operator of any coke oven battery may elect to comply with emission limitations promulgated under subsection (f) by the date such emission limitations would otherwise apply to such coke oven battery, in lieu of the emission limitations and the compliance dates provided under subparagraphs (B) and (C) of this paragraph. Any such owner or operator shall be legally bound to comply with such emission limitations promulgated under subsection (f) with respect to such coke oven battery as of January 1, 2003. If no such emission limitations have been promulgated for such coke oven battery, the Administrator shall promulgate such emission limitations in accordance with subsection (f) for such coke oven battery. (E) Coke oven batteries qualifying for an extension under subparagraph (A) shall make available not later than January 1, 2000, to the surrounding communities the results of any risk assessment performed by the Adminis-trator to determine the appropriate level of any emis-sion standard established by the Administrator pursuant to subsection (f). (F) Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, reconstruction of any source of coke oven emissions qualifying for an extension under this paragraph shall not subject such source to emission limitations under subsection (f) more stringent than those established under subparagraphs (B) and (C) until January 1, 2020. For the purposes of this subparagraph, the term "recon- struction" includes the replacement of existing coke oven battery capacity with new coke oven batteries of comparable or lower capacity and lower potential emissions.