Progress Report

Wet Sulfate Deposition

• All areas of the eastern United States have shown significant improvement, with an overall 66 percent reduction in wet sulfate deposition from 2000–2002 to 2016–2018.
• Between 2000–2002 and 2016–2018, the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic experienced the largest reductions in wet sulfate deposition of 73 percent and 70 percent, respectively.
• A reduction in SO₂ emissions and consequent decrease in the formation of sulfates that are transported long distances have resulted in reduced sulfate deposition in the Northeast. The sulfate reductions documented in the region, particularly across New England and portions of New York, were also affected by lowered SO₂ emissions in eastern Canada.¹

Wet Inorganic Nitrogen Deposition

• Wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen decreased an average of 17 percent in the Mid-Atlantic and 31 percent in the Northeast but increased in the western regions from 2000–2002 to 2016–2018. Increases in wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen in the Rocky Mountain, North Central, and Pacific regions are attributed to 57, 42, and 40 percent increases in wet deposition of reduced nitrogen (NH₄⁺), respectively, between 2000 and 2018.
• Reductions in nitrogen deposition recorded since the early 1990s have been less pronounced than those for sulfur. Emissions from other source categories (e.g., mobile sources, agriculture, and manufacturing) contribute to air concentrations and deposition of nitrogen.

Regional Trends in Total Deposition

• The reduction in total sulfur deposition (wet plus dry) in the eastern U.S. has been of similar magnitude to that of wet deposition with an overall average reduction of 76 percent from 2000–2002 to 2016–2018.
• Decreases in dry and total inorganic nitrogen deposition have generally been greater than that of wet deposition, with average reductions of 36 percent and 29 percent, respectively, in the east. In contrast, wet deposition from inorganic nitrogen decreased by an average of 17 percent in the east from 2000–2002 to 2016–2018.

Acid Deposition

As SO₂ and NOₓ gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other pollutants, they form acidic compounds that are deposited to the earth’s surface in the form of wet and dry deposition.

Long-term monitoring network data show significant improvements in the primary indicators of acid deposition. For example, wet sulfate deposition (sulfate that falls to the earth through rain, snow, and other forms of precipitation) has decreased in much of the eastern United States due to SO₂ emission reductions achieved through implementation of the Acid Rain Program (ARP), the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) and the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR). Some of the most dramatic reductions have occurred in the mid-Appalachian region, including Maryland, New York, West Virginia, Virginia, and most of Pennsylvania. Along with wet sulfate deposition, precipitation acidity, expressed as hydrogen ion (H⁺ or pH) concentration, has also decreased by similar percentages.

Reductions in nitrogen deposition compared to the early 1990s have been less pronounced than those for sulfur. As noted earlier, emissions from source categories other than ARP and CSAPR regulated sources contribute to changes in air concentrations and deposition of nitrogen.

Monitoring Networks

The Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) provides long-term monitoring of regional air quality to determine trends in atmospheric concentrations and deposition of nitrogen, sulfur, and ozone in order to evaluate the effectiveness of national and regional air pollution control programs. CASTNET now operates more than 90 regional sites throughout the contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada. Sites are located in areas where urban influences are minimal.

The National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) is a nationwide, long-term network tracking the chemistry of precipitation. The NADP/NTN provides concentration and wet deposition data on hydrogen ion (acidity as pH), sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and base cations. The NADP/NTN has grown to more than 250 sites spanning the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.

Together, these complementary networks provide long-term data needed to estimate spatial patterns and temporal trends in total deposition.² Maps and regional trends provided in this chapter were produced using the measurement-model fusion method developed by NADP’s Total Deposition Science Committee. Briefly, CASTNET and NADP/NTN data are combined with modeled deposition results from EPA’s Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) to produce gridded estimates of total deposition.

• Acid Rain
• Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET)
• National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) Exit

References

1. Government of Canada, Environment Canada. (2018). Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement Progress Report 2016. ISSN: 1910–5223: Cat. No.: En85-1E-PDF.
2. Schwede, DB and Lear, GG. (2014). A novel hybrid approach for estimating total deposition in the United States. Atmosphere Environment 92: 207-220.