16th Annual International Emission Inventory Conference
Emission Inventories: "Integration, Analysis, and Communications"

Papers and Presentations
Raleigh, May 14 - 17, 2007

The papers, presentations, posters and training materials below have been converted to Acrobat PDF.

Disclaimer of Endorsement: Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.

Final Program (PDF 604K)

Sessions

PLENARY SESSION

Emission Inventories: Integration, Analysis and Communication, Steve Page, Director, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA

The Criticality of Enterprise, Nancie L. Imler, Chief Information Officer, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

William G. Ross Jr., Secretary, NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Session 1. Emissions Modeling

Emissions Modeling Framework: Status Update and EPA's Applications, M. Houyoux and M. Strum, US EPA; R. Mason, NOAA; A. Eyth, CEP.
presentation

A New Tool for Integrated Emissions and Controls Strategies Analysis, D. Misenheimer, D. Weatherhead, M. Houyoux and L. Sorrels, U.S. EPA; A. Eyth, Q. He, and R. Partheepan, CEP.
presentation

Integrated Assessment Modeling in Spain, R. Borge, J. Lumbreras, and E. Rodriguez, Technical University of Madrid.
presentation

Development of an Interface for the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) with the SMOKE Modeling System, B. H. Baek, S. Arunachalam and A. Hanna, Institute for the Environment, UNC at Chapel Hill; T. Thrasher, CSSI, Inc; R. Iovinelli and M. Gupta; Federal Aviation Administration.
presentation

A Revised Framework for Treating Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions in Inventories and Models, A. L. Robinson, A. P. Grieshop, M. K. Shrivastava, N. M. Donahue, T. E. Lane, and S. N. Pandis; Carnegie Mellon University.
presentation

Preparation of the First National Emissions Inventory for Modeling at a National Level in Mexico, R. Iniestra, T. Lopez, D. Parra and V. Garibay-Bravo, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, México; Z. Adelman, UNC Chapel Hill.
presentation

The 2002 National Emissions Inventory Shakeout: The First Step in Development of EPA's 2002 Emissions and Air Quality Modeling Platform, R. Mason, NOAA; M. Strum, M. Houyoux, and N. Possiel, US EPA; A. Beidler, Computer Sciences Corporation.
presentation

Session 2. Web-based Tools and Information Systems

Integrating at the Place: What Role Will Emissions Play in Seeing the Big Picture? P. Garvey, U.S. EPA.
presentation

The Air Emissions Inventory (AEI) Pilot: An update on a Universal Schema, S. Rasmussen, US Air Force; P. Garvey and S. Dombrowski, US EPA.
presentation

The Emissions Inventory Maintenance Application, J. E. Brandmeyer, A. Parks, S. Rao, and R. Zerbonia, RTI International.
presentation

An Integrated Emissions Calculation and Data Management Tool for Nonroad Mobile Sources in Texas, R. Baker and D. Preusse, Eastern Research Group, Inc.
presentation

A New Database Program for Creating Area Source Inventories, M. Noon, Ohio State University and T.Velalis, Ohio EPA.
presentation

Recent Improvements to the State Inventory Tool Land-Use Change and Forestry Module, A. Denny, S. Asam, A. Choate, L. Pederson, and V. Thompson, ICF International.
presentation

Web Service for Comparative Data Analysis of Emissions Inventories, S. Falke, Washington University in St Louis; G. Stella, Alpine Geophysics, LLC; T. Keating, US EPA.
presentation

Session 3. Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories and Forecasts for Nine Western States, S. M. Roe, R. P. Strait, H.Lindquist, E. H. Pechan; A. Bailie and A. Jamison, Pembina Institute; T. D. Peterson, Center for Climate Strategies.
presentation

EPA's Climate Change Emission Calculator Kit (Climate CHECK): A Climate Change Education and Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory Kit for High Schools, C. Steuer, ICF International.
presentation

Best Practices for Including Carbon Sinks in Greenhouse Gas Inventories, A. Ravin and T. Raine, CDM.
presentation

Greenhouse Gas Emission: A Case Study of Development of Data Collection Tool and Calculation of Emissions, G. Shil, K. N. Blue, Trinity Consultants.
presentation

Estimating National Landfill Methane Emissions: Application of the 2006 IPCC Waste Model in Panama, M. Weitz, US EPA; J. B. Coburn, RTI Internacional; E. Salinas, Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente, (ANAM), Panama.
presentation

Assessment of Potential Reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Freight Transportation, H. C. Frey, and P.-Y. Kuo, NC State University.
presentation

Use of Black Carbon and Organic Carbon Inventories for Projections and Mitigation Analysis, K. Weitz, M. Bahner, and A. Zapata, RTI International.
presentation

Session 4. Mobile Sources

Emissions and Air Quality Analysis of the California Low Emission Vehicle II (CA LEV-II) Standards in NC, M. Abraczinskas, P. Jones, V. Chandler, and P. Bello, NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
presentation

Implication of Measured In-Use Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Emissions for Emission Inventory Development at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution, H. C. Frey and K. Zhang, NC State University.
presentation

Analysis of Heavy-Duty Truck Activity and Emissions Data, T. Huai, S. D. Shah, J. W. Miller, and T.Younglove, University of California; D.J. Chernich, and A. Ayala, California Air Resources Board.
presentation

Methodology for Activity, Fuel Use and Emissions Data Collection and Analysis for Nonroad Construction Equipment, H. C. Frey, W. J. Rasdorf, S-H. Pang, K. Kim, and P. Lewis; NC State University.
presentation

Refining Commercial Lawn and Garden Equipment Population and Emissions Estimates, S. Smeltzer, Alamo Area Council of Governments, Texas.
presentation

Estimating the Monthly Variation in California's Nonroad Equipment Emissions for the 2002 Emissions and Air Quality Modeling Platform, M. Strum; US EPA.
presentation

Session 5. Emission Factors

Use of Recent Source Test Data to Develop Emissions Factors for WebFIRE, W. Hodan, L. Cress, S. Kersteter and A.Werner, MACTEC Federal Program; R. Myers, US EPA.
presentation

Ammonia Emissions from Open Lot Beef Cattle Feed Yards on the Southern High Plains, R.W. Todd, N. A. Cole and R. N. Clark, USDA-ARS.
presentation

Outdoor Wood Boilers - New Emissions Test Data and Future Trends, P. Guldberg, C.C.M.
presentation

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Freight Trucks, J. Davies, US EPA.
presentation

VOC Emissions and Reduction Potential in Solvent Utilization, Y. Sunwoo, Y.-Il Ma, Y. J. Kim, J. Y. Yoo, H. M. Kim, S. H. Kim, J. S. Nam, J. H. Kim, H. K. Sung, Konkuk University; D.G. Kim and J. H. Hong, National Institute of Environmental Research, Kyungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon, Korea.
presentation

Development of Factors to Estimate 4-digit SIC Employment from 6-digit NAICS Employment Data for Selected Nonpoint Emission Inventory Categories with Example VOC Emission Calculations, R. E. Wooten, NC Division of Air Quality.
presentation

Quantification of Uncertainty in Emission Factors and Inventories, H. C. Frey, NC State University.
presentation

Conventional Woodstove Emission Factor Study, V. S. Li, Environment Canada

Session 6. Air Toxics

Toxicity-Weighting: A Prioritization Tool for Quality Assurance of Air Toxic Inventories, D. Wright, Maine Department of Environmental Protection.
presentation

An Assessment of Benzo(a)pyrene Air Emissions in the Great Lakes Region, J. Dettling, Great Lakes Commission; C. Y. Wu, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency; O. Cabrera-Rivera, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources; D. Asselmeir, Illinois EPA; D.McGreen, A. Ostrander and J. Lax, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality; C. Mancilla, New York Department of Environmental Conservation; T. Velalis, Ohio EPA; J. Bates, Indiana Department of Environmental Management; P.Wong and C. Doan, Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
presentation

The Use of the 2002 NEI in the Risk and Technology Review (RTR), A. Pope, P. Hirtz, and T. Palma, US EPA; S. Finn, Eastern Research Group, Inc.
presentation

1990 - 2002 NEI HAP Trends: Success of CAA Air Toxic Programs in Reducing HAP Emissions and Risk, A. Pope and M. Strum, US EPA.
presentation

A Closer Look at Air Pollution in Houston: Identifying Priority Health Risks, H. L. Bethel, US EPA; K. Sexton, S. Linder, G. Delclos, and T. Stock, The University of Texas, S. Abramson, Baylor College of Medicine, M. Bondy, The University of Texas; M. Fraser, Rice University; J. Ward, The University of Texas.
presentation

Evaluation of Air Toxic Concentrations and Emissions for the San Juan, Puerto Rico, MSA, R. Oommen, J. Hauser, D. Dayton, and J. Swift, Eastern Research Group, Inc.
presentation

Quantifying Community Use of Pollutant Inventories, P. Thorning, Queensland Environmental Protection Agency; M. Howes, Griffith University, Australia.
presentation

Session 7. Emission Projection

Understanding Historical Emission Trends, J. Warren and W. Hunt, NC State University; L. Chappell, US EPA.
presentation

Using Historical Information to Improve Emission Projections (or How to Avoid Being Doomed to Repeat History), A. D. Bollman and J. H. Wilson, Jr., E.H. Pechan, Inc; M. Janssen, Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium.
presentation

Emission Projections for the EPA Section 812 Second Prospective Clean Air Act Cost Benefits Analysis, J. H. Wilson, Jr, M. A. Mullen, A. D. Bollman, K. Thesing and M. Salhortra, E. H. Pechan; J. Neumann and J. Price, Industrial Economics Inc; J. DeMocker, US EPA.
presentation

Activity Trends for Key Emission Sources in California's San Joaquin Valley, 1970-2030, S. B. Reid, D. C. Sullivan, B. M. Penfold, S. M. Raffuse and T. H. Funk, Sonoma Technology Inc.
presentation

Improving EPA's Emissions Forecasting, L. Chappell, US EPA
presentation

Developing the WRAP Point and Area Source Emissions Projections for the 2018 Base Case, P. Fields and M. Wolf, Eastern Research Group, Inc; A. Pollack, ENVIRON International Corporation; T. Moore, Western Regional Air Partnership.
presentation

EMPAX-CGE: Application Capabilities as an Economic Driver for Emissions Projections, A. Rios, US EPA.
presentation

Projecting Future-Year Pollutant Emissions: Emerging Methods and Tools from the EPA ORD Global Change Air Quality Assessment, D. Loughlin, B. Bierwagen, A. Grambsch, B. Hemming, T. Johnson, and C. Shay, US EPA; B. Benjey and A.Gilliland, NOAA.
presentation

Accounting for Land use Changes in Projecting Future-Year Emissions Scenarios, A.Eyth, L. Ran, and Z. Adelman, UNC at Chapel Hill; D. Theobold, Colorado State University.
presentation

Session 8. Global/International Issues

India PM10 Emission Inventory Training and Capacity Building Programs: EPA Efforts for Developing a Sustainable Foundation, P.Gaffney and M. Benjamin, California Air Resources Board; T. MacDonald, US EPA; J.Core, Core Environmental Consulting; A. Ojha, Air Quality Management Cell, Pune, India.
presentation

Completion of the 1999 Mexico National Emissions Inventory - Lessons Learned, P.G. Fields, and M. E. Wolf, Eastern Research Group, Inc; V. G. Bravo and L. Rojas- Bracho, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico; R. Halvey, Western Governor's Association.
presentation

Emissions Inventorying as an Integrated Part of the State-of-the-Art Air Quality Management System, AirQUIS, C. Guerreiro, H. Laupsa and R. Odegard, Norwegian Institute for Air Research.
presentation

Harmonization of National Inventory and Projections of Multi-Pollutant Emission Scenarios, T. Pignatelli, G.Vialetto and I.D. Elia, Italian Agency for New Technology, Energy and the Environment; R. DeLauretis, M. Contaldi, and D. Romano, Italian Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Service, Italy.
presentation

New Insight into the Role of Wood Combustion as Key PM Source in Italy and in Lombardy Region, S. Caserini, A. Fraccaroli, A. M. Monguzzi, M. Moretti, and E. Angelino, ARPA Lombardia, A. Leonardi, R. De Lauretis, APAT (National Environmental Protection Agency); V. Zanella, C.R.A. Customized Research & Analysis, S. Marengo, Stazione Sperimentale, Donato Milanese, Italy.
presentation

Session 9. GIS Assisted EI Development

A Detailed Urban Road Traffic Emissions Inventory Model Using Aerial Photography and GPS Survey, V. Gois and H. Maciel, InventAr, P. Torres, S. Mesquita and F. Ferreira, Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional de Lisboa, C. Almeida and L. Nogueira, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Portugal.
presentation

Pollutant Emission Register in the Netherlands, B. Leekstra and G. J. Stolwijk, Environmental Assessment Agency, the Netherlands.
presentation

GIS Assisted Emission Inventory Development for Variable Grid Emission Database for Mississippi Region, J. Indracanti, V. S. Challa, R. L. Hughes, J. M. Baham, C. Patrick, M. Rabarison, J. Young, and Y. Anjaneyulu, Trent Lott Geospatial and Visualization Centre; S. Swanier, Jackson State University.
presentation

Application of an Emission Inventory GIS-Based Tool across the Michigan/Ontario Border, M. V. Altena, J. W. Boulton, S. Pellatt, and M. Lepage, RWDI AIR, Inc, Ontario Canada.
presentation

Session 10. Managed Burning & Wildfires

EPA's Perspective on Fire Emission Inventories - Past, Present, and Future, T. G. Pace, US EPA.
presentation

Carbon, Trace Gas, and Particulate Emissions from Wildfires in the Boreal Regions of North America, N.H.F. French, Michigan Technological University; E.S. Kasischke, College Park; M. R. Turetsky, Michigan State University; W. de Groot, Northern Foresty Centre, Canada; R. Honrath, Michigan Technological University; R. Ottmar, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA.
presentation

Incorporation of Federal Land Manager Estimates of Prescribed Burning into Emission Projections Developed for the VISTAS Regional Planning Organization, W. R. Barnard, MACTEC, Inc; P. Brewer, VISTAS; G. Stella, Alpine Geophysics.
presentation

Developing a Near Real-Time Regional System for Modeling Air Quality Impacts of Prescribed Fire Emissions-Linking State Fire Activity Information with Regional Scale Air Quality Models, S. Goodrick, G. Achtemeir, and Y.Liu, U.S Forest Service; J. Brenner, Florida Division of Forestry.
presentation

Global Near Real Time Estimates of Biomass Burning Emissions using Satellite Active Fire Detections, J. Al-Saadi and B. Pierce, NASA Langley Research Center; A. Soja, National Institute of Aerospace/NASA; C. Kittaka, SSAI; L. Emmonds, NCAR; S. Kondragunta and X. Zhang, NOAA NESDIS; Todd Schaak, Space Science and Engineering Center; J.Szykman, US EPA.
presentation

Use of Environmental Satellite Imagery for Smoke Depiction and Transport Model Initialization, M. Ruminski and S. Kondragunta, and R. Draxler, NOAA.
presentation

A Methodology for Estimating Area Burned Using Satellite-Based Data in Near Real Time, A. Soja, National Institute of Aerospace; J. Al-Sasdi, B. Pierce, C. Kittaka, and J. Szykman, NASA Langley Research Center; L. Giglio, Science Systems and Applications, Inc; S. Raffuse, Sonoma Technology; D. Roy, D. J. Williams, T. Pace, and J. Kordzi, US EPA; D. Randall, Air Sciences Inc; T. Moore, Colorado State University.
presentation

Sensitivity of CMAQ Simulations to Prescribed Burn Emissions under Varied Plume Core Numbers, Y. Liu, G. L. Achtemeier, and S. L. Goodrick, USDA Forest Service.
presentation

Synthesis of Multiple Observations Using a Regional Aerosol Assimilation/Forecast Model (RAQMS) and Assessment of Biomass Burning Emission Estimates, C. Kittaka, SSAI, NASA Langley Research Center; B. Pierce, J. Al-Saadi, D. Winker, C. Hostetler, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton VA; T. Schaack, University of Wisconsin; A. Soja, National Institute of Aerospace; Greg Tripoli, University of Wisconsin; A. da Silva, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; J. Szykman, US EPA; T. Baynard and R. Spackman, NOAA; B. Lambeth, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
presentation

On the Multiple-Core Updraft Smoke Plume Problem: Is the Genie Out of the Bottle? G. L. Achtemeier, S. L. Goodrick, and Y. Liu, USDA.
presentation

Session 11. Fugitive Dust

This session will consist of a panel discussion focusing on the results of a multi-component study conducted in Clark County, Nevada. This study is titled The Preferred Alternative Method for Measuring Paved Road Dust Emissions for Emissions Inventories: Mobile Technologies vs The Traditional AP-41 Methodology and the authors are R. Langston, R. S. Merle Jr, and D. Hart, Clark County Department of Air Quality and Environmental Management; V. Etyemezian, H. Kuhns, and J. Giles, Desert Research Institute; D. Fitz and K. Bumiller, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California; D. James, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada. Several of the authors will participate on the panel discussion.
presentation

Session 12. Stationary Source

Development of a County Level Portable Fuel Container (PFC) Emission Inventory for VISTAS Based on the US EPA National PFC Inventory, W. R. Barnard, MACTEC, Inc; P. Brewer, VISTAS; G. Stella, Alpine Geophysics, LLC.
presentation

An Updated Emissions Inventory of Oil and Gas Area Sources in the Western Region, A. Bar-Ilan, R. Friesen, A. Pollack, and A. Hoats, ENVIRON International Corporation.
presentation

Evaluation of Point Source Sensitivity Runs for the State of NC, M. Xie and J. Godfrey NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
presentation

Integration of GHG Point Source Emissions into the Routine Air Emission Inventory Process, J. H. Southerland and H. Hawkins, NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
presentation

Using Tunable Diode Lasers to Measure Emissions from Animal Waste Lagoons, D. B. Harris, US EPA.
presentation

Session 13. EI Validation and QA

Using Google Earth to Access and Display Emissions Data, D. Mintz, US EPA.
presentation

ISO 14064, International Standard for GHG Emissions Inventories and Verification, J. Wintergreen and T. Delaney, First Environment Inc.
presentation

Emission Inventory Validation and Improvement: A Central California Case Study, S. B. Reid, L. R. Chinkin, B. M. Penfold, and E. K. Gilliland, Sonoma Technology Inc.
presentation

Comparison of 2002 NEI and RPO Emission Inventories, G. Stella, Alpine Geophysics; R Ryan, and D. Solomon, US EPA.
presentation

Poster Session

1. Modeling Emissions Inventory Preparation for the Calgrid Photochemical Air Quality Model, D. Healy, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services.

2. Overview of Emissions Modeling in Canada, M. Sassi, V. Bouchet, and S. Menard, Environment Canada.

3. Improving the Mobile Emissions Inventory for Air Quality Modeling in the Montreal Area, O. Gagnon, G. Morneau, and N. Pencheva, Environment Canada; Y. Noriega, Universite' de Montreal, Canada.

4. Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico Emission Inventories, H. Ensz, Office of Leasing and Environment; D. Wilson and R. Billings, Eastern Research Group, Inc.

5. New Uses for Emissions Inventories for the Next Decade, N. Mayer, US EPA.

6. Impacts of Background Ozone Production on Houston and Dallas, TX Air Quality During the NOAA 2006 TEXAQS Field Mission, R. B. Pierce, J. Al-Saadi, C. Kittaka, K. Bowman, G. Osterman , C. Hostetler, D. Winker, and A. Soja, NASA Langely Research Center; T. Schaack, UW SSEC; W. McMillan, UMBC; Jim Szykman, US EPA.

7. Seeing the Big Picture: Using Visualization Tools to Analyze Large Sets of Emission Data," W. Gerber, B. Jacoby, J. Veysey, and G. Kitzmiller, Eastern Research Group, Inc., J. Westphal, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.

8. Recent Updates to the SMOKE Modeling System, B. H. Baek, and A. Eyth, University of NC, Chapel Hill; M. Houyoux and M. Strum, US EPA.

9. GIS Modeling of Agricultural Ammonia Emissions Air-Surface Exchange in NC Coastal Watersheds, J. T. Walker and S. Kimbrough, US EPA; R. Austin and W. Robarge, NC State University.

10. Methodologies Estimating Mobile Source GHGs for Regional Inventories and Project Alternatives, J. Byun, Federal Highway Administration.

11. Linking Traffic Analysis and Urban Emission Inventories; an Integrated Tool, A. Brignone, Citilabs; A. Poli and P. Di Giovandomenico, Environmental System Analysis S.r.l., Italy.

12. Development of a Model Emissions Model for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle, H. Zhai, C. Frey, and N. M. Rouphail, NC State University.

13. Demonstration of the New Consolidated Annual Criteria, Toxics and GHG Emissions Inventory System for Point and Nonpoint Sources, N. Meskal and M. Meskal, Ecotek, MST Solutions, Inc; S. Summers, City of Albuquerque, Environmental Health Air Quality.

14. Data for Environmental Modeling, J. E. Brandmeyer, RTI International.

15. Uncertainties in Prescribed Forest Fires Emission Inventories and Their Impact on Air Quality Modeling, D. Tian and A. Russell, Georgia Institute of Technology; E. Reinhardt, USDA Forest Service; Y.Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology

16. Resolving NOx Emissions Inventory Biases Using Discrete Kalman Filter Inversion, Direct Sensitivities and Satellite-based NO2 Columns, S. L. Napelenok, R. W. Pinder and A. Gilliland, US EPA

17. The Use of Emission Inventories for Mobile Source Air Toxics Project Analysis, K. N. Black, Federal Highway Administration.

18. Identifying Interesting Emissions Scenarios Using MARKAL, Monte Carlo and Data-Mning, D. Loughlin, T. Johnson and C. Shay, US EPA.

19. Australia's National Pollutant Inventory, P. Thorning and D. Lovejoy, Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, Australia.

20. Toxic Overload: Modeling Ambient Mercury Air Pollution at a Trillionth of a Gram, E. Cristoph and F. Hornsby, NC State University.

21. "An Exploratory Analysis of Public Databases to Identify the Next Major Lead Source Targeted for Reduction to Improve Blood Lead Levels in Children," C. Harness and J.Drukenbrod, NC State University.

22. Protecting Human Health: Forecasting PM Fine Levels for Air Quality Index Reporting, M. Thelen, J. Brewer and M. Johnson, NC State University

23. Emissions Inventory of PM2.5 Trace Elements across the US, A. H. Reff, T. Pace, and D. Mobley, US EPA; P. V. Bhave and G. A. Pouliot, US EPA/NOAA .

24. Can Meteorologically Adjusted Ozone Air Quality Trends Identify the Impact of the Nitrogen Oxides Utility Reductions, A.Wootten, G. Antczak and J. Harris, NC State University.

25. SPECIATE - EPA's Database of Speciated Emission Profiles, D. Mobley, L. Beck and M. Houyoux, US EPA

26. US Metals Emissions Monitoring Update 2001-2005, J. Heinze, Environmental Health Research Foundation.

27. Estimation of Traffic Emissions for Megacity Delhi, B.R. Gurjar, K. Sharma and M. Mohan, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India.

28. The Community Modeling and Analysis System, Z. Adelman, A. Hanna, S.Arunachalam, U. Shankar, F. Binkowski, B.H. Baek, A. Eyth, A. Holland, and J. Wallace; University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill.